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《金长城研究概述》

　　　　　A Summary of the Studies on Jin Chang Cheng(金长城)
作　　者：孙文政
　　　　　齐齐哈尔市社会科学院研究员,地址:齐齐哈尔市,邮编161005
出　　处：中国边疆史地研究 第20卷　第1期
发表时间：2010-03-00
分 类 号：K246.4;K878
文　　摘：
金长城又称金界壕、边堡,是金朝为防御蒙古等少数民族而修筑的军事防御工程,是中国万里长城的重要组成部分,在中国长城文化史上占有重要地位。近代对金长城的研究,始自清末民初,国学大师王国维开我国金长城研究之先河,自王国维《金界壕考》以来, ①关于金长城的研究始终没有间断,中外学者从不同的角度对金长城进行了多方面研究,笔者试将已有的研究成果进行回顾,以便于学术界对金长城做进一步研究。
关 键 词：长城 金界壕 界壕边堡 金代 王国维 成吉思汗 研究金 建筑结构 军
正　　文：
　　金长城又称金界壕、边堡,是金朝为防御蒙古等少数民族而修筑的军事防御工程,是中国万里长城的重要组成部分,在中国长城文化史上占有重要地位。近代对金长城的研究,始自清末民初,国学大师王国维开我国金长城研究之先河,自王国维《金界壕考》以来, ① ……
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参考文献：
参考文献：
第1页
①王国维:《观堂集林》,中华书局1959年版。
②③⑾参见《金史》卷24《地理志上》
④参见《金史》卷63《党怀英传》。
⑤参见《金史》卷93《宗浩传》。
⑥参见《金史》卷93《独吉思忠传》。
⑦参见《金史》卷93《仆散揆传》。
⑧参见《金史》卷94《完颜襄传》。
⑨参见《金史》卷44《兵志》。
⑽参见《金史》卷《张炜传》。
⑿贾敬颜:《五代宋金元人边疆行记十三种疏证稿》,中华书局2004年版,第343页。
⒀王恽:《中堂事记》(丛书集成初编) ,商务印书馆中华民国二十五年版,第50页。
⒁赵珙:《蒙达备录》,《续修四库全书》影印版,第521页。
⒂参见景爱:《金史研究综述》,《史学史研究》1995年第1期。

第2页
①《元史》卷121《速不台传》。
②王国维:《观堂集林》,第712页。
③黄彭年主编:《畿辅通志》,河北人民出版社1985年版,第165页。
④田虎:《元史译文证补校注》,河北人民出版社1990年版,第2页。
⑤西清:《黑龙江外记》,商务印书馆中华民国二十五年十二月初版,第16页。
⑥屠寄:《黑龙江舆图》(辽海丛书本) ,辽沈书社1985年版,第1028页。
⑦屠寄:《黑龙江舆图》(辽海丛书本) ,辽沈书社1985年版,第1028页。
⑧黑龙江省博物馆:《金东北路界壕边堡调查》,《考古》1961年5期。
⑨屠寄:《蒙兀儿史记》,第16、17页。

第3页
①王国维:《观堂集林》,第712页。
②李文信:《金临潢路界壕边堡址》,《李文信考古文集》,辽宁人民出版社1992年版。
③寿鹏飞:《历代长城考》,龙门书店1987年影印版,第16页。
④寿鹏飞:《历代长城考》,第16页。
⑤参见金毓黻:《静晤室日记》,辽沈书社1993年版,第162页。
⑥金毓黻:《东北通史》,《社会科学战线》杂志社1980年印,第429页。

第4页
①孟定恭:《布特哈志略》(辽海丛书本) ,辽沈书社1985年版,第2500页。
②张家璠:《呼伦贝尔志》,黑龙江人民出版社2006年版,第2068页。
③④参见黑龙江省博物馆:《金东北路界壕边堡调查》,《考古》1961年5期。
⑤贾洲杰:《金代长城》,文物编辑委员会编:《中国长城遗迹调查报告集》文物出版社1981年版,第76页。
⑥参见庞志国:《金东北路、临潢路吉林省段界壕边堡调查》,《中国长城调查报告集》,第84页。
⑦孙秀仁:《关于金长城的研究与相关问题》,《北方文物》2007年第2期。
⑧参见张伯忠:《吐列毛杜古城调查试掘报告———兼论金代东北路界壕》,《文物》1982年第7期。
⑨参见哲理木盟博物馆:《内蒙古霍林河矿区金代界壕边堡发掘报告》,《考古》1984年第2期。

第5页
①②　项春松:《巴林左旗金代临潢路边堡界壕踏查记》,《北方文物》1987年第2期。
③刘建华:《河北省金代长城》,《北方文物》1990年第4期。
④田淑华:《承德地区金代长城调查与考略》,鲍春海、王禹浪主编:《辽金史论丛》,哈尔滨出版社1995
年版,第317页。
⑤达茂旗文物管理所:《达茂旗境内的金代边堡界壕》,《内蒙古文物考古》2000年第1期。
⑥克什克腾旗博物馆:《克什克腾旗金代界壕边堡调查》,《内蒙古文物考古》1991年第1期。
⑦赵玉明:《岭东金代长城调查》,《内蒙古社会科学》1993年第1期。
⑧贾洲杰:《金代长城初议》,《内蒙古大学学报》1979年第3、4期合刊。
⑨参见贾洲杰:《金代长城》,《中国长城遗迹调查报告集》,文物出版社1981年版,第77页。
⑩彭占杰:《金代长城初论———兼论金界壕考》,《辽金史论集》,社会科学文献出版社2001年版,第347页。

第6页
①冯永谦:《东北古代长城考辨》,《东北亚历史与文化》,辽沈书社1991年版,第40页。
②米文平:《岭北长城考》,《呼伦贝尔文物》1991年第1期。
③罗哲文:《万里长城》,文物出版社1980年版,第2页。
④参见李逸友:《中国北方长城考》,《内蒙古文物考古》2001年第1期。
⑤参见景爱:《走出长城的误区》,《中国文物报》2004年1月30日。
⑥景爱:《再说金界壕不是长城》,《中国文物报》2004年4月2日。
⑦吉人:《是不同认识还是走入误区》,《中国文物报》2004年2月20日。

第7页
①冯永谦:《如何认识长城———关于走出长城的误区的几点不同意见》,《中国文物报》2004年3月26日。
②李文龙:《金边壕不是长城吗?》,《中国文物报》2004年5月21日。
③参见冯永谦:《界壕与长城三题》,《辽金契丹女真史研究》总34期, 2004年。
④参见彭占杰:《略述家乡五百里段金长城》,《辽金契丹女真史研究》总34期, 2004年。
⑤参见邹向前:《金界壕遗址黑龙江段的保护利用》,《辽金契丹女真史研究》总34期, 2004年。
⑥李丕华:《蒙古高原边墙考》,《辽金契丹女真史研究》总34期, 2004年。
⑦参见孙文政、辛健:《金界壕长城边堡称谓综述》,《辽金契丹女真史研究》总34期, 2004年。
⑧董耀会:《中国世界文化遗产———长城》,中国长城学会,第9页。
⑨孙文政:《金界壕边堡遗址为世界文化遗产考述》,《鹤城社科》2006年第3期。
⑩参见冯永谦:《金长城的考古发现与研究》,《鹤城政协》2006年第4期。
⑾成大林:《慎说金界壕不是长城》,《鹤城政协》2006年第4期。
⑿参见董耀会:《金长城的建置、戍防及后勤保障之探讨》,《鹤城政协》2006年第6期。

第8页
①参见彭占杰:《论金东北路长城及金长城线出土之官印》,《鹤城政协》2006年第4期。
②参见傅惟光:《金代长城中国第二万里长城》,《鹤城政协》2006年第4期
③参见张志良、杨玉清:《金长城考》,《鹤城政协》2006年第5期。
④孙秀仁:《关于金长城(界壕边堡)的研究与相关问题》,《北方文物》2007年第2期。
⑤孙文政:《金东北路界壕边堡建筑时间考》,《东北史地》2008年第3期。
⑥李鸿宾:《金界壕与长城》,《中国边疆史地研究》2008年第3期。
⑦黄凤岐:《长城•金代长城摭议》,《鹤城政协》2006年第6期。
⑧[苏]包诺索夫著、胡秀杰译:《成吉思汗边墙初步调查》,《黑龙江考古民族资料译文集》第1辑, 1991年,第71页。

第9页
① [苏]包诺索夫著、胡秀杰译:《北部乌尔科古代边墙》,《黑龙江考古民族资料译文集》第1辑, 1991
年,第75页。
② [日]津田左右吉:《金代北边考》,《满蒙地理历史研究报告》4册, 1918年4月。参见刘蒲江:《二十
世纪辽金史论著目录》,上海辞书出版社2003年版,第329页。
③ [日]长谷川兼太郎:《柳条边墙与金边堡》,《同仁》第12卷5、7号, 1938年。参见刘蒲江:《二十世
纪辽金史论著目录》,第329页。
④参见李文信:《李文信考古文集》,辽宁人民出版社1992年版,第259页。
⑤ [日]外山军治著,李东源译:《金朝史研究》,黑龙江朝鲜民族出版社1988年版,第345、347页。
⑥ [法]闵宣化著、冯承钧译:《东、蒙古辽代旧城探考记》,中华书局2004年版,第56 页。
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You can print the Primary Strategy Desk and use it whenever you play.

It is extraordinarily essential, nevertheless that you just be sure that the
Basic Strategy guidelines adjust to the home guidelines of the casino where you play.
In this third section of the chart, Y/N means you must solely cut up if "double after split" is offered
by that casino, in any other case, don’t break
up. You can even see that in this particular a part of the chart, there’s a few rows with a D on them.

This stands for Double, or "double down", and it highlights when it makes sense for you to double your bet, as we explained above.
Doubling down works as a sort of "vote of confidence" in your wager.
It allows you to double your bet, thus doubling the amount you'll be able
to win.
For a pair of threes, we're going to take a glance at cell B4; for the fours, D6; for the fives,
B8; and so forth. His anticipated value is the likelihood of the vendor busting minus the probability of the rest occurring.
To be a proficient blackjack participant, you want to understand the entire potential card combos.
Super four is a progressive blackjack aspect
guess primarily based on the four playing cards consisting...

Nevertheless, the charts and the strategies are hard to master
and have to be practiced extensively to actually have the power to reduce
the house edge. To use the basic strategy search for your hand alongside the left
vertical edge and the dealer's up card along the
highest. Roulette may be higher than enjoying blackjack if you’re an off-the-cuff casino player.
Blackjack could be exhausting to master versus
roulette, which relies purely on likelihood.
However, it's always a good suggestion to memorize the chart as much as attainable before playing, as this will help you
make choices extra shortly and confidently. All The
Time verify with the precise guidelines of the on line casino where you are taking half in to make sure you are not breaking any
of their policies. Casinos, a "no hole card" sport is played, meaning that the vendor does not draw nor consult their second
card till after all players have finished making decisions.

In all different circumstances, a stand, hit, or surrender is called for.
The no-hole-card rule adds roughly zero.11% to the home
edge. To obtain one of the best blackjack odds on the high UK blackjack
online casinos, you want an effective technique that may lower
the house edge.
A blackjack chart contains recommended actions for particular arms.
Charts often have the participant's gap cards and the vendor's upright card.
Lined up across the rows and columns are
blackjack options, similar to hitting or staying. It’s
price mentioning that fundamental technique does not contemplate cards that were beforehand used in palms
or different player’s cards which would obviously have an affect on subsequent cards.

The game is usually played with one or more standard 52-card decks.
In the casino game, should you can flexibly apply the blackjack basic technique,
you're very close to successful. In addition, Custom Poker
Chips can convey you the confidence that belongs to you.

In Contrast To regular demo mode in on-line casinos, these packages will let you know if you make a proper or mistaken decision. Single deck blackjack games
are fairly frequent and also probably the most player-friendly ones you
can play. This is as a end result of it comes at a very low house edge,
providing you with advantages over other multi-deck
variations. With a delicate hand, the best blackjack technique says you must stand for extra possible combinations when the dealer
hits on a gentle 17, and less when the supplier stands
on a soft 17. When the dealer stands on a gentle 17 it is recommended the player stands.

Once you acknowledge your hand based mostly on the playing cards
you’ve received, examine the dealer’s upcard and
the corresponding field on the best to seek out the most effective
course of action. Good blackjack gamers watch every other’s strikes, and when they see you taking half in by the e-book, they’re more likely to trust you.
Some would possibly even wager on your hand when the odds are in your favor, showing their confidence in your
selections.

References:


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