程利英：明代关西七卫内迁去向和内迁人数探 …… 长城小站:《中国长城文献资料数据库》

《明代关西七卫内迁去向和内迁人数探》
　　　　　A Probe on Direction and Figures of Emigration of Seven Guard Stations to the West of Jiayu Pass During the Ming Dynasty
作　　者：程利英
　　　　　程利英(1973 —) , 女, 河南滑县人, 厦门大学人文学院历史系2004 级博士研究生, 研究方向为中国古代经济史。
出　　处：《贵州民族研究》 2005年04期
发表时间：2005-08-01
文　　摘：

由于多种原因,明政府在嘉峪关外设立的七个卫所相继内迁,失去了拱卫西北边疆的作用.在内迁诸卫中,安定、阿端、曲先、罕东无内迁人数统计,沙州卫、赤斤蒙古卫、哈密卫和罕东左卫有内迁人数统计.本文据《明史》、《殊域周咨录》和《边政考》等史料,对明代关西七卫内迁去向和内迁人数进行了探讨.

关键词：明代关西七卫内迁去向内迁人数
正　　文：

关西七卫, 指明朝在嘉峪关外设立的安定、阿端、曲先、罕东、沙州、赤斤蒙古、哈密七卫, 后沙州卫内迁, 在其故地又设罕东左卫。以哈密卫为首的关西七卫是明代边政研究的热点之一, 自上世纪30 年代岑仲勉先生发表《明初曲先、阿端、安定、罕东四卫考 ……

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参考文献：

参考文献:
[1 ] (清) 张廷玉等1 明史, 卷330 , 西域二•安定卫[M] 1 北京: 中华书局, 19741
[2 ] (明) 严从简1 殊域周咨录, 卷12 , 西域二•安定卫[M] 1 北京: 中华书局, 19931
[3 ] (清) 查继佐1 罪惟录, 卷36 , 外国列传•曲先[M] 1 杭州: 浙江古籍出版社, 19861
[4 ] (明) 张　雨1 边政考, 卷9 , 西羌族口•肃州番[M] 1 上海: 上海商务印书馆, 19371
[5 ] (清) 查继佐1 罪惟录, 卷36 , 外国列传•曲先[M] 1 杭州: 浙江古籍出版社, 19861
[6 ] (明) 魏　焕1 皇明九边考, 卷9 , 甘肃镇•边夷考[M] 1 上海: 上海商务印书馆, 19371
[7 ] 桂　萼1 桂文襄公奏疏•进哈密事宜疏•吐鲁番夷情[A ] 1 明经世文编, 卷181 [ Z] 1 北京: 中华书局,
19621
[8 ] (清) 谷应泰1 明史纪事本末, 卷40 , 兴复哈密[M] 1 北京: 中华书局, 19771
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You’ll also enhance your threat of cardiovascular issues, as steroids can elevate your blood pressure and contribute
to heart problems. These anabolic medicine treat
several hormone problems, including main male hypogonadism and delayed
puberty in male youngsters. A lot of leisure lifters will take prohormones or steroids because they both don’t appreciate the
length of time and consistency it truly takes to construct an impressive physique,
or don’t have the persistence.
The dosage could be elevated to 500mg weekly, divided into two injections,
and continued for up to 12 weeks. Having examined the distinctions between various kinds of
steroids for bodybuilding, we will now think about
specific cycles that might be appropriate. It’s
essential to remember that people react differently to steroids, affecting the
results. Reaching desired outcomes also is determined by well-designed training and dietary plans aligned along with your targets.

On the opposite hand, bulking cycles often embrace steroids like
Dianabol or Deca, which are geared in direction of significant
muscle improvement. These cycles might end in some water retention, giving the muscles a larger and
more sturdy look.
DHB is extremely anabolic (5x that of Testosterone), and large for
energy. DHB does not Aromatise into Estrogen, but then once more it holds hepatotoxic qualities (liver toxicity)
even in injectable form. Different unwanted effects of DHB
are apparently just like those of Trenbolone. Drive Production (strength) comes predominantly from DHT – Dihydrogentestosterone.

DHT will increase the phosphorylation (the chemical addition of a
phosphoryl group (PO3-) to an natural molecule)
of proteins of the contractile tissue (muscle) similar to troponin I
and myosin binding protein C.
Anabolic androgenic steroids are used by girls to increase their muscle mass and due to their performance-enhancing effects.

Despite permanent/high danger of unwanted aspect effects,
data is insufficient. Our purpose has been to deepen understanding about girls's use
of anabolic androgenic steroids best for Muscle Growth.
This phenomenological examine relies on the reflective lifeworld analysis (RLR) strategy.
Lifeworld interviews have been carried out with 12 ladies, aged 21–56 years, about
their experiences of using anabolic steroids. The results present that women experience a way of pride once they successfully obtain their objectives.

This is the driving force, triggering tension between struggling and success.

These are naturally occurring hormones produced within the adrenal glands positioned
on top of your kidneys (33). For steroids that should be injected,
there's an elevated threat of contamination and infection. This is as
a result of many steroids are produced in unlawful
labs that don’t comply with the identical procedures as business labs.
In these sports, muscle power, measurement, and power instantly
relate to total efficiency. In aggressive sports activities, steroid dosing tends to be fairly conservative to avoid detection. Muscle mass is not the principle
concern right here, as they’re used extra for restoration and elevated energy output
(6, 7). Although traditionally regarded as a male hormone, ladies additionally produce testosterone but in a lot
smaller quantities.
They don't have any vital anabolic effects; subsequently, users won’t achieve any notable muscle mass.
Proviron elevates the metabolism, enhancing fat loss whereas concurrently producing marginal muscle positive aspects.
Its results, relating to drying a person out, may be immediate and visibly noticeable within a matter of hours.
Anavar additionally has gentle unwanted side effects;
therefore, it is uncommon to observe poisonous results in modest dosages.
Transient testosterone suppression is more likely to be moderate, with ranges generally
normalizing in a matter of weeks or months (for most users).

If a bodybuilder measured the success of their bulk purely by weight achieve, trenbolone would not
be the most effective steroid to take. Nonetheless, if a bodybuilder measured the success
of a bulk based on how he seems within the mirror,
trenbolone would be the leading anabolic compound.

Testosterone’s major position is to advertise protein synthesis—the process your body makes use of
to restore and construct muscle. When used with Dianabol, which rapidly increases muscle
mass and strength, testosterone enhances those results in order that the
gains are larger and extra permanent. NEW YORK, April 15, (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- I really
have worked with many bodybuilders over 30 years,
from professionals to newbies. People usually ask me what the best steroid is
for building big muscular tissues. It works properly by itself, and many discover that
utilizing different anabolic steroids like Trenbolone
and Deca Durabolin along with it gives even more energy,
endurance, and a big, "swole" look. Whereas insulin alone
could not have a potent impact on muscle protein synthesis, it might have an enhanced impact when paired with
anabolic steroids or progress hormone (8). One Other important issue to consider is the pairing
of insulin with different performance-enhancing medicine, similar to anabolic androgenic steroids or growth hormone.

These effects stem from abnormally high testosterone ranges in females, potentially resulting in a
gradual masculinization. Some skilled feminine bodybuilders accept these dangers for competitive success, but most ladies
aim to keep away from them. Proper therapeutic use and dealing with unlawful misuse of anabolic steroids require an interprofessional team effort.
In addressing illicit use, all members want to listen to the indicators of steroid misuse and
be prepared to counsel as essential to attempt to resolve the issue.
In reliable therapeutic use, the clinician will prescribe an agent primarily based on scientific necessity for a specific symptom or indication, and the pharmacist can verify applicable dosing and examine for drug interactions.

Most side effects are reversible should you stop taking the drugs,
but others could additionally be permanent. Now, with all of that being
mentioned, steroids may not wish to be the route
you take, but dietary supplements like fundamental creatine
and a multivitamin additionally aren't helping you as a lot as
you’d like. So, let’s dive right into a pure alternative that can enhance your testosterone levels and drop your estrogen,
making your positive aspects come sooner rather
than later. It Is best for those getting ready for competitions
or intense workouts. But, it could have critical unwanted effects like liver
damage, modifications in blood strain, and temper swings.

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